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The Role of Neuroglia in Cognitive Longevity

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机构： [1]Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, University of Ljubljana, Zalooška cesta 4, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia. [2]Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia. [3]Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. [4]Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain. [5]IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain. [6]International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China. [7]Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China. [8]Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. [9]International Translational Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.

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关键词： Cognitive reserve Alzheimer’s disease Neurodegeneration Neurotrauma Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Neurodevelopment Neuroglia

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The concept of the central nervous system (CNS) reserve emerged from the mismatch often observed between the extent of brain pathology and its clinical manifestations. The cognitive reserve reflects an "active" capacity, driven by the plasticity of CNS cellular components and shaped by experience, learning, and memory processes that increase resilience. We propose that neuroglial cells are central to defining this resilience and cognitive reserve. These cells maintain CNS homeostasis through allostatic mechanisms and modulate responses to injury and/or disease. In this review, we first outline the concept of the CNS reserve and then explore the role of neuroglia in maintaining brain function throughout development and adulthood. We highlight astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in gray and white matter learning, respectively, and examine the function of microglia in immune surveillance. We conclude that neuroglia are key contributors to the cognitive reserve, with systems such as the noradrenergic pathway supporting tissue under stress and mitigating pathology through compensatory responses.© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

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大类 | 3 区医学

小类 | 3 区生化与分子生物学 3 区神经科学

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大类 | 3 区医学

小类 | 3 区生化与分子生物学 3 区神经科学

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第一作者机构： [1]Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, University of Ljubljana, Zalooška cesta 4, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia. [2]Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.

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