Background: Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified as key regulators during the pathogenesis and development of cancers. However, most of ncRNAs have never been explored in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: Gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot. Functional assays were performed to assess the cellular processes in AML cells. The relationship between genes was verified by means of a series of mechanism assays. Results: Transmembrane phosphatase with tensin homology pseudogene 1 (TPTEP1) was notably downregulated in AML cells, and functionally acted as a proliferation-inhibitor. Additionally, TPTEP1 suppressed AML cell growth by inactivating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-JUN signaling pathway. MicroRNA (MiR)-1303, as an oncogene, was predicted and validated as a target of c-JUN in AML cells. Also, TPTEP1 interacted with miR-1303 and they were mutually silenced by each other in AML cells. Furthermore, the effect of TPTEP1 overexpression on AML cell proliferation was counteracted under miR-1303 upregulation. Conclusion: Our findings unmasked a feedback loop of TPTEP1/JNK/c-JUN/miR-1303 axis in AML cells, suggesting TPTEP1 and miR-1303 as potential targets for developing therapeutic strategies for AML patients. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s).