A best evidence topic in cardiothoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'Do thymic malignancies respond to target therapies?' Altogether, 347 papers were found using the reported search, of which, in our opinion, 16 papers represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. We did not find any randomized controlled trials on target therapies for the thymic malignancies, due to the very small incidence of this tumour, and it seems unlikely that there will be any such trials in the foreseeable future. Three studies on target therapies showed that several cases of thymic malignancies were reported to have partial response (PR) to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as cetuximab and erlotinib, whereas, one study on erlotinib and another on gefitinib showed no activity. Proto-oncogene c-KIT (KIT) mutant thymic carcinomas were noted to benefit from target therapies, implying that systematic sequencing of KIT in thymic carcinoma tumours may be warranted for optimal patient selection. A study that investigated the efficacy of cixutumumab, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, indicated that relapsed thymomas tended to respond, whereas thymic carcinoma did not. The antiangiogenesis agent belinostat had modest antitumour activity in heavily pretreated thymoma, but no response to thymic carcinoma was found. Several cases with metastatic thymic carcinoma showed that multitargeted kinase inhibitors, such as sunitinib and sorafenib, were effective. We concluded that, as the side-effects of the agents were tolerable in almost all reported cases, target therapies can be an option for patients with heavily pretreated thymoma.