Purpose: To compare clinical outcomes between proton beam therapy (PBT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with esophageal cancer (EC) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods and Materials: From 2007 through 2014, 343 EC patients who received definitive CRT with either PBT (n = 132) or IMRT (n = 211) were retrospectively analyzed. Survival, recurrence, and treatment toxicity were compared between groups. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was performed to test the association between patient/treatment variables and survival. Results: Patient/treatment variables were overall well balanced, except for age and race. Compared with IMRT, PBT had significantly better overall survival (OS; P = .011), progression-free survival (PFS; P = .001), distant metastasisefree survival (DMFS; P = .031), as well as marginally better locoregional failureefree survival (LRFFS; P = .075). No significant differences in rates of treatment-related toxicities were observed between groups. On multivariate analysis, IMRT had worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.454; P = .01), PFS (HR 1.562; P = .001), and LRFFS (HR 1.461; P = .041) than PBT. Subgroup analysis by clinical stage revealed considerably higher 5-year OS (34.6% vs 25.0%, P = .038) and PFS rates (33.5% vs 13.2%, P = .005) in the PBT group for patients with stage III disease. However, no significant intergroup differences in survival were identified for stage I/II patients. Conclusions: Compared with IMRT, PBT might be associated with improved OS, PFS, and LRFFS, especially in EC patients with locally advanced disease. These results need confirmation by prospective studies. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.