Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent malignant tumor in males, with a significant incidence of biochemical recurrence (BCR) despite advancements in treatment. Adipose tissue surrounding the prostate, known as periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), contributes to PCa invasion through adipocytokine production. However, the relationship between adipocytokine-related genes and PCa prognosis remains understudied. This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis and serve as a reference for the use of adipocytokine-related genes as prognostic markers in PCa.Methods Transcriptome and survival data of PCa patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using the DESeq2 and limma packages. Prognostic genes were identified through univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. A prognostic model was developed and validated utilizing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves. Assessments of immune cell infiltration and drug sensitivity were also carried out. Subsequently, the function of BNIP3L gene in PCa was verified.Results A total of 47 adipocytokine-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Five genes (PPARGC1A, APOE, BNIP3L, STEAP4, and C1QTNF3) were selected as prognostic markers. The prognostic model demonstrated significant predictive accuracy in both training and validation cohorts. Patients with higher risk scores exhibited poorer survival outcomes. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the high-risk group had increased immune and ESTIMATE scores, while the low-risk group had higher tumor purity. In vitro experiments confirmed the suppressive effects of BNIP3L on PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.Conclusion The prognostic model independently predicts the survival of patients with PCa, aiding in prognostic prediction and therapeutic efficacy. It expands the study of adipocytokine-related genes in PCa, presenting novel targets for treatment.