Objectives: To investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of long-term survivors of inoperable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated with definitive radiation therapy, the real-world trends in the use of advanced radiation techniques, and their impact on the survival outcomes of ESCC patients.Methods: In this multicenter retrospective observational study, the medical records related to demographics and treatment of ESCC patients who were treated with definitive radiation therapy at 14 provincial hospitals in China from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2016 were analyzed. A HRQL questionnaire was completed by survivors and collected by doctors at the final follow-up. The difference in quality of life between patients with or without recurrence was compared using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the group differences were assessed by unstratified log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards model with Efron's method of tie handling was used to calculate the risk factors for OS.Results: The data of a total of 3,308 patients were collected for this study, 248 were excluded because of missing data, and a final of 3,060 patients were included in the analysis. Most patients (2,901; 94.8%) received intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)/volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT)/tomotherapy (TOMO). The 5-year OS rate was 30%. Patients who received either two-dimensional radiotherapy (2DRT; HR, 2.43 [95% CI, 1.70-3.47]; P < 0.001) or three-dimensional radiotherapy (3DRT; HR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.14-1.84]; P = 0.003) had a significantly increased risk of death compared to those who received IMRT/VMAT/TOMO. Of the 716 (23.4%) long-term survivors who completed the HRQL questionnaire, nearly 70% patients were still able to swallow normally or almost normally, and >80% patients did not experience weight loss. Nearly 80% patients found life very enjoyable or were fairly enjoying life.Conclusions: This large, multicenter retrospective study on ESCC patients who received definitive radiation therapy found that most ESCC survivors are satisfied with their quality of life. Most patients received advanced radiation technology. Patients who received either 2DRT or 3DRT had a significantly increased risk of death compared to those who received advanced radiation technology.