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Immunotherapy resistance in esophageal cancer: Possible mechanisms and clinical implications

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机构： [1]Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, [2]West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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关键词： immunotherapy esophageal cancer intrinsic resistance acquired resistance biomarker

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Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in adults. Although surgical technology combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has advanced rapidly, patients with EC are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and the five-year survival rate remains unsatisfactory. The poor prognosis and high mortality in patients with EC indicate that effective and validated therapy is of great necessity. Recently, immunotherapy has been successfully used in the clinic as a novel therapy for treating solid tumors, bringing new hope to cancer patients. Several immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and tumor vaccines, have achieved significant breakthroughs in EC treatment. However, the overall response rate (ORR) of immunotherapy in patients with EC is lower than 30%, and most patients initially treated with immunotherapy are likely to develop acquired resistance (AR) over time. Immunosuppression greatly weakens the durability and efficiency of immunotherapy. Because of the heterogeneity within the immune microenvironment and the highly disparate oncological characteristics in different EC individuals, the exact mechanism of immunotherapy resistance in EC remains elusive. In this review, we provide an overview of immunotherapy resistance in EC, mainly focusing on current immunotherapies and potential molecular mechanisms underlying immunosuppression and drug resistance in immunotherapy. Additionally, we discuss prospective biomarkers and novel methods for enhancing the effect of immunotherapy to provide a clear insight into EC immunotherapy.Copyright © 2022 Fang, Zhou, Liang, Yang, Luan, Xiao, Li, Zhang, Shang, Zeng and Yuan.

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出版当年[2022]版：

大类 | 2 区

医学

小类 | 2 区免疫学

最新[2023]版：

大类 | 2 区医学

小类 | 2 区免疫学

第一作者：

第一作者机构： [1]Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,

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